To design selfcooled liquid metal blankets for fusion reactors, one must know about the behaviour of mhd flows at high hartmann numbers. Mathematical methods for the magnetohydrodynamics of liquid. As stated in the abstract, an experimental study was made of the performance characteristics of a liquid metal mhd generator utilizing singlephase sodiumpotassium and twophase sodiumpotassiumnitrogen fluids. Many metallurgical applications of magnetohydrodynamics mhd involve openchannel liquid metal flows with magnetic fields. Abstract magnetic fields can be used to melt, pump, stir, and stabilize liquid metals.
This paper treats the threedimensional, variabledepth flow in a rectangular open channel having an electrically insulating bottom and perfectly conducting sides. Bojarevics, valdis and tucs, andrejs 2018 large scale liquid metal batteries. Liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics, kluwer academic. The micropump was fabricated in a polydimethylsiloxane pdmsglass hybrid microfluidic chip. Review of magnetohydrodynamic pump applications sciencedirect. Documents a study conducted for the department of energy to evaluate the state of the art of liquid metal closedcycle magnetohydrodynamic lmmhd systems of electric power generation in the context of mhd technology and projected costs. Characteristic objects of study in magnetohydrodynamics are plasma since magnetohydrodynamics is sometimes considered as a branch of plasma physics, liquid metals, and electrolytes. Prototype mhdbased liquid metal dod printheads have been developedby vader systems. This comprehensive text focuses on mathematical and numerical techniques for the simulation of magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, with an emphasis laid on the magnetohydrodynamics of liquid metals, and on a prototypical industrial application. Lecture 15 magnetohydrodynamics, beta, magnetic pressure, sausage instabilities, kink instability duration. The interaction of the flow with the applied magnetic field introduces an anisotropy to the fluid motion, resulting in starkly different behavior depending on the orientation and strength of. Magnetohydrodynamic dropondemand liquid metal 3d printing. The other if the beersheva seminar on mho flows and.
This paper describes a new application of the selfcorrecting procedure to computational liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics. Techniques for measurement of velocity in liquidmetal mhd. Pdf study on liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic flows and. Studying magnetohydrodynamic effects in liquid metal flow. Magnetic fields can be used to melt, pump, stir, and stabilize liquid metals. The flow of the electrically conducting lead lithium, foreseen in liquid metal blankets as breeder and coolant, under the influence of the plasmaconfining. It treats, in particular, conducting fluids, whether liquid or gaseous, in which certain. The other if the beersheva seminar on mho flows and turbulence, held every three years in israel. Mathematical methods for the magnetohydrodynamics of liquid metals numerical mathematics and scientific computation.
This is a fundamental problem of liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics that is relevant to the technique of electromagnetic braking in the process of continuous casting of steel as well as for lorentz force velocimetry. The liquid metal in this lmmhdec cycle is required to move at high possible velocity. Experimental study of liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic. A liquidmetal based spiral magnetohydrodynamic micropump mdpi. Pdf liquidmetal magnetohydrodynamics with strong magnetic. Download in pdf, epub, and mobi format for read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Magnetohydrodynamics propelling liquid metal with magnets. Paper open access related content magnetohydrodynamic. Rajendrakumar1 1institute for plasma research, bhat, gandhinagar, india abstract liquid metals, having higher heat capacity, are foreseen as a multipurpose coolant in fusion. Introduction to magnetohydrodynamics 2nd edition pdf download. We present an experimental study of a liquid metal flow in a rectangular channel under the influence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Pdf liquid metal mhd generators in twophase flow systems. We develop a general method for making such suspensions and demonstrate that various magnetic and nonmagnetic metal particles, from 40 nm 500 microns in diameter, can be suspended in liquid gallium and its alloys.
A liquid metal based spiral magnetohydrodynamic mhd micropump is proposed in this work. The measurements were made with liquid sodium at frequencies of about 1 khz in a channel much larger than the viscous. Liquid metal mho is within the scope of two series of international. A test section with circular crosssection is used for experimental investigation of mhd pressure drop reduction by fcis. Lavrentev mhd pressure drop of liquid metal flow in circular and rectangular ducts. Introduction to magnetohydrodynamics 2nd edition pdf download, by p. The problem of liquid metal infiltration into porous ceramics is avoided by using sandwichtype fcis, where the insulating ceramics is protected from all sides by thin sheets of steel.
Prototype mhdbased liquid metal dod printheads have been developedby vader systems that are capable of printing 3d solid metal structures of arbitrary shape. Thermoelectric currents in the presence of magnetic fields can cause pumping or stirring of liquid metal coolants in nuclear reactors or stirring of molten metal in industrial metallurgy. The major concern over their practical implementation is the operation at elevated temperatures and sensitivity to liquid motion. Magnetohydrodynamic pressure drop and flow balancing of. A report on euromech 70 article pdf available in journal of fluid mechanics 7802.
Liquidmetal magnetohydrodynamics with strong magnetic fields. Epsilon rans turbulence model for incompressible mhd. Many metallurgical applications of magnetohydrodynamics mhd involve openchannel liquidmetal flows with magnetic fields. Possible developments in energy conversion using liquid. Rajendrakumar1 1institute for plasma research, bhat, gandhinagar, india abstract liquid metals, having higher heat capacity, are foreseen as a multipurpose coolant in fusion blanket systems.
The full hydrodynamics of lmbs is extremely involved. Objectives of the liquid metal laboratory liquid metals are very interesting fluids for fusion applications because of their neutronic and thermophysical properties. They consist of two liquid metal electrodes and a molten salt ionic conductor sandwiched between them. Paper open access related content magnetohydrodynamic effects. The liquidmetal closedcycle system of magnetohydrodynamic. Author links open overlay panel neil b morley a sergey smolentsev a leopold barleon b igor r. Particularly, accurately predicting the 3d mhd pressure drop and flow distribution is important.
Flow of a thin liquidmetal film in a toroidal magnetic field journal of. Lmbs had been intensively studied in the 1960s 1, and experience a remarkable renaissance nowadays 2. The liquid metal closedcycle system of magnetohydrodynamic power generation author. We explain the principles behind magnetohydrodynamics or mhd. Liquid magnetohydrodynamics recent progress and future. Experimental study of liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic flows. Magnetohydrodynamics of liquid metals numerical mathematics and. Main page about the journal subscription information current issue tables of contents author index search authors referees. Index terms electromagnetic induction, hall effect, magneto hydrodynamics, mhd generator, plasma i.
This pump utilized two parallel liquidmetalfilled channels as electrodes to generate a parallel electrical field across the pumping channel between the two electrodes. Poedts, cambridge university press 2004 i magnetic reconnection. Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics journal of fluid. Large scale liquid metal batteries university of greenwich. A new class of materials is developed that is a liquid with both high conductivity and magnetic susceptibility for magnetohydrodynamic. A liquidmetal based spiral magnetohydrodynamic mhd micropump is proposed in this work. Here, we focus on the magnetohydrodynamic mhd aspects, including electrovortex. Request pdf development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for magnetohydrodynamics a new class of materials is developed that is a liquid with both high conductivity and magnetic.
Decay of turbulence in a liquid metal duct flow with transverse. Magnetohydrodynamics article about magnetohydrodynamics by. Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics volume 91 issue 2 j. Apr 29, 2011 magnetohydrodynamics propelling liquid metal with magnets. This provides a nonintrusive means of controlling the flow of metal in commercial casting and refining opera. All dimensions, including the radius r fci of the inner steel layer of the fci, can be seen from fig. Still more novel applications are in development or on the horizon. Liquidmetal mhd openchannel flows journal of applied. Development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for. A magnetohydrodynamic generator mhd generator is a magnetohydrodynamic converter that utilizes a brayton cycle to transform thermal energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. Report issued by the argonne national laboratory discussing the performance of magnetohydrodynamic generators. Mhd molten metal pump is important replacement to conventional pumps because their moving parts cannot stand the molten metal temperature. Liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics with strong magnetic fields.
The calculations are based on linearized navierstokes and maxwells equations, and include ohmic and viscous dissipation in the liquid metal. We investigate the gravitydriven flow of a thin film of liquid metal on a. The quest for greater efficiency and more control in the production of steel, aluminum, and highperformance superalloys has led to a revolution in the application of magnetohydrodynamics mhd to. Magnetohydrodynamics article about magnetohydrodynamics. Faraday, but magnetohydrodynamics developed as an independent field of knowledge in the 20th. Mathematical methods for the magnetohydrodynamics of. Mhd generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they operate without moving parts e. Hot film anemometry, a standard technique in ordinary fluids, is being used, as well as two. Development of magnetic liquid metal suspensions for magnetohydrodynamics florian carle and kunlun bai department of mechanical engineering and materials science, yale university, new haven, connecticut 06511, usa joshua casara school of natural sciences, university of california, merced, california 95343, usa kyle vanderlick. The first research in magnetohydrodynamics dates from the time of m.
With the anisotropic suppression effect of magnetic field towards turbulence fluctuation, mhd turbulence becomes quasi. Once the chamber is filled, a pulsed magnetic field is applied that permeates the chamber and induces a magnetohydrodynamic mhdbased pressure pulse within the liquid metal that causes a portion of the metal to be ejected through the nozzle. Understanding magnetohydrodynamic mhd phenomena associated with the flow of electrically conducting fluids in complex geometry ducts subject to a strong magnetic field is required to effectively design liquid metal lm blankets for fusion reactors. For example, recent research has shown the possibility.
In this work, finite difference codes are used to investigate the influence of hartmann number m, interaction parameter n, wall conductance ratio c, and changing magnetic field, respectively, on the flow as liquidmetal mhd flows are characterized by. The devices are used in roomtemperature nak experiments to measure threedimensional flow field patterns anticipated in complex blanket geometries. Possible developments in energy conversion using liquid metal. Epsilon rans turbulence model for incompressible mhd flow. A liquidmetal based spiral magnetohydrodynamic micropump. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer no kindle device required. Mhd molten salt pump is used for nuclear reactor coolants due to its. In this work, finite difference codes are used to investigate the influence of hartmann number m, interaction parameter n, wall conductance ratio c, and changing magnetic field, respectively, on the flow. Mhd is related to engineering problems such as plasma confinement, liquid metal cooling of nuclear reactors, and electromagnetic casting among others. In this procedure, the conservation law of the electric current density incorporated in a poisson equation for the scalar potential plays an important role of correcting this potential. Experimental study of liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic flows near. A new class of materials is developed that is a liquid with both high conductivity and magnetic susceptibility for magnetohydrodynamic mhd applications. Studying magnetohydrodynamic effects in liquid metal flow under transverse magnetic field using comsol multiphysics s sahu1, r. Documents a study conducted for the department of energy to evaluate the state of the art of liquidmetal closedcycle magnetohydrodynamic lmmhd systems of electric power generation in the context of mhd technology and projected costs.
As fusion liquid metal blankets work under strong magnetic fields, the liquid metal would form magnetohydrodynamics mhd flow of high hartmann number in ducts. Liquid metal in a strong magnetic field general lecture 3 o. Liquid metal mho is within the scope of two series of international conferences. For example, recent research has shown the possibility of seawater propulsion using mhd 5 and control of. The principles of magnetohydrodynamics are of particular importance in plasma plasma, in physics, fully ionized gas of low density, containing approximately equal numbers of positive and negative ions see electron and ion. A selfcorrecting procedure for computational liquid metal. The liquidmetal closedcycle system of magnetohydrodynamic power generation author. Conceptual design of the liquid metal laboratory of the. Three instruments for measuring local velocities in liquidmetal mhd experiments for fusion blanket applications are being evaluated. This causes need for high pressure pumping of the liquid metal to achieve such accelerations for mhd conversion. Liquid metal batteries are possible candidates for large scale energy storage offering a possible breakthrough of intermittent wind and solar energy exploitations. The thickwalled pipe has an inner radius r l that is used as length scale for the problem.
Liquid magnetohydrodynamics recent progress and future directions for fusion. Magnetohydrodynamics mhd studies the interaction between the flow of an electrically conducting fluid and magnetic fields. The concept of liquid metal battery bears a close similarity to aluminium electrolytic production cells. Hot film anemometry, a standard technique in ordinary fluids, is being used, as well as two developmental devices. It involves such diverse topics as the evolution and dynamics of astrophysical objects, thermonuclear fusion, metallurgy and semiconductor crystal growth, etc. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app. This provides a nonintrusive means of controlling the flow of metal in commercial casting and refining operations. Magnetohydrodynamics historical evolution and trends. Introduction e all are aware of power generation using hydel,thermal and nuclear resources.
This pump utilized two parallel liquid metal filled channels as electrodes to generate a parallel electrical field across the pumping channel between the two electrodes. Magnetohydrodynamics, or mhd, is a branch of the science of the dynamics of matter moving in an electromagnetic field, especially where currents established in the matter by induction modify the field, so that the field and dynamics equations are coupled. Closedcycle liquid metal mhd systems using both singlephase and twophase flows also have been explored. Magnetohydrodynamics, droplet ejection, drop on demand printing, 3d printing, additive manufacturing, thermofluidics, molten aluminum. Magnetohydrodynamics with applications to laboratory and astrophysical plasmas by j. Study on liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic flows and numerical application to. Performance characteristics of a liquid metal mhd generator. Threedimensional 4043, 6061 and 7075aluminum alloy structures have been successfully printed using layer bylayer. In this procedure, the conservation law of the electric current density incorporated in a poisson equation for the scalar potential plays an.
Liquid metal batteries lmbs are presently discussed as an alternative route of economical gridscale energy storage. A magnetohydrodynamic drive or mhd propulsor is a method for propelling seagoing vessels using only electric and magnetic fields with no moving parts, using magnetohydrodynamics. One is the international congress on mhd power generation, held every four years, which includes technical and economical aspects as well as scientific questions. Ldslausis numerical solutions of threedimensional mhd flows in strong nonuniform transverse magnetic fields t. Sandwichtype fcis are less efficient for reduction of pressure drop than ideal nonconducing ceramic inserts, because currents can close along the inner. In all the systems,the potential energy or thermal energy is first converted in to. Thermoelectric currents in the presence of magnetic fields can cause pumping or stirring of liquidmetal coolants in nuclear reactors or stirring of molten metal in industrial metallurgy. Three instruments for measuring local velocities in liquid metal mhd experiments for fusion blanket applications are being evaluated.